Fadi BouKaram, the Lebanese photographer who visited 47 American Lebanons, including ours, in a 2016 coast-to-coast road trip, has again made the news here in the U.S. This time he’s being featured on National Public Radio’s podcast, Radiolab.

Read More: Lebanese man tries to visit all 47 US “Lebanon” on emotional roadtrip, second PA visit soon?

The episode, Lebanon U.S.A., was released on Aug. 20, 2020. It centers on BouKaram’s 2018 plan to return to the U.S. to thank some of the Lebanons he originally visited by giving them authentic Lebanese Cedar trees to replace mis-labeled trees planted decades earlier.

Unlike 2016, BouKaram’s return two years later doesn’t appear to have included a stop in Pennsylvania, but the story says a lot about what we have in common, with our fellow Americans and those around the world.

In 1955, the Lebanese prime minister wanted to give Lebanese cedar trees to the mayors of eight U.S. Lebanons who had visited his country. Unfortunately, seven of eight imported saplings died while undergoing required quarantine and fumigation at an Ohio nursery.

The nursery sent out juniper trees instead, apparently without telling anyone, and the switch went unnoticed for decades.

BouKaram discovered the deception in 2016 when his hosts in Lebanon, South Dakota pointed him to their “cedar” tree from the Lebanese government. He didn’t have to heart to tell them that the tree they were so proud of was an imposter.

Then, in 2017, when folks from Lebanon, Nebraska asked BouKaram to help them get another “cedar” tree after theirs was struck by lightning, he resolved to finally get the real thing.

But, “I knew I couldn’t take cedars from Lebanon,” he told RadioLab, “because they were going to be fumigated again.”

Instead, he found Trees of Joy nursery, run by a Lebanese-American, in Bethlehem, Pa. The owner, Bassem Samaan, grew real Cedars of Lebanon from imported Lebanese seeds, so no quarantine or fumigation would be necessary. Samaan was happy to supply four year-old potted cedar saplings.

Boukaram returned to the U.S. in the autumn of 2018, with the goal of planting a genuine Cedar of Lebanon in the eight namesake towns and villages that had unknowingly received junipers over 60 years earlier.

Wherever he’d go, the Bethlehem nursery would ship a cedar tree to the nearest post office, and it would be planted. Seven of eight got the real deal. Lebanon, South Dakota’s climate isn’t suitable for cedars.

BouKaram clearly treasures his visits to the 47 Lebanons. He told Radiolab that he was moved to tears by the proclamation issued by the mayor of Lebanon, Missouri, which read “though thousands of miles may separate our countries, our communities are bonded in friendship and a historic connection dating back to 1955.”

In a 2019 interview for the podcast Kerning Cultures, BouKaram recounted maybe the biggest lesson he learned on his trips across America: “What I learned was something that I should have known before, which is do not generalize, do not stereotype.”

“What was the most surprising for me was how close, in terms of culture, the rural people [of the U.S.] were to the mountain people of Lebanon. The kind of hospitality where it’s taken for granted, when you see someone who’s a stranger, that they will invite you to their home, and they will feed you until you can’t eat no more.”

Fadi BouKaram took this photo during his visit to Lebanon, Pa. in December, 2016 (www.lebanonusa.com)

According to his website, BouKaram now lives and works in Dublin, Ireland.

Listen to podcasts about Fadi BouKaram’s trips to America’s 47 Lebanons:


Questions about this story? Suggestions for a future LebTown article? Reach our newsroom using the contact form below and we’ll do our best to get back to you.

We'll keep following up thanks to the support of our members.

We’re here to help make Lebanon County a better place.

LebTown is an independent media organization that provides timely, accurate, and comprehensive journalism intended to help people navigate their daily lives and promote the general well-being of Lebanon County.

Journalists are today a diminishing presence at the local level across the country, and the single most important metric for LebTown long-term will be the number of journalists we employ to cover Lebanon County.

You’re already supporting LebTown as a member. If you’re able, please consider making an extra one-time contribution this year.

Questions about this story? Suggestions for a future LebTown article? Reach our newsroom using the contact form below and we’ll do our best to get back to you.

#gform_wrapper_22[data-form-index=”0″].gform-theme,[data-parent-form=”22_0″]{–gf-color-primary: #204ce5;–gf-color-primary-rgb: 32, 76, 229;–gf-color-primary-contrast: #fff;–gf-color-primary-contrast-rgb: 255, 255, 255;–gf-color-primary-darker: #001AB3;–gf-color-primary-lighter: #527EFF;–gf-color-secondary: #fff;–gf-color-secondary-rgb: 255, 255, 255;–gf-color-secondary-contrast: #112337;–gf-color-secondary-contrast-rgb: 17, 35, 55;–gf-color-secondary-darker: #F5F5F5;–gf-color-secondary-lighter: #FFFFFF;–gf-color-out-ctrl-light: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.1);–gf-color-out-ctrl-light-rgb: 17, 35, 55;–gf-color-out-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104, 110, 119, 0.35);–gf-color-out-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;–gf-color-out-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;–gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88, 94, 106;–gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;–gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65);–gf-color-in-ctrl: #fff;–gf-color-in-ctrl-rgb: 255, 255, 255;–gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast: #112337;–gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast-rgb: 17, 35, 55;–gf-color-in-ctrl-darker: #F5F5F5;–gf-color-in-ctrl-lighter: #FFFFFF;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary: #204ce5;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-rgb: 32, 76, 229;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast: #fff;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast-rgb: 255, 255, 255;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-darker: #001AB3;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-lighter: #527EFF;–gf-color-in-ctrl-light: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.1);–gf-color-in-ctrl-light-rgb: 17, 35, 55;–gf-color-in-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104, 110, 119, 0.35);–gf-color-in-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;–gf-color-in-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;–gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88, 94, 106;–gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;–gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65);–gf-radius: 3px;–gf-font-size-secondary: 14px;–gf-font-size-tertiary: 13px;–gf-icon-ctrl-number: url(“data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width=’8′ height=’14’ viewBox=’0 0 8 14′ fill=’none’ xmlns=’http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’%3E%3Cpath fill-rule=’evenodd’ clip-rule=’evenodd’ d=’M4 0C4.26522 5.96046e-08 4.51957 0.105357 4.70711 0.292893L7.70711 3.29289C8.09763 3.68342 8.09763 4.31658 7.70711 4.70711C7.31658 5.09763 6.68342 5.09763 6.29289 4.70711L4 2.41421L1.70711 4.70711C1.31658 5.09763 0.683417 5.09763 0.292893 4.70711C-0.0976311 4.31658 -0.097631 3.68342 0.292893 3.29289L3.29289 0.292893C3.48043 0.105357 3.73478 0 4 0ZM0.292893 9.29289C0.683417 8.90237 1.31658 8.90237 1.70711 9.29289L4 11.5858L6.29289 9.29289C6.68342 8.90237 7.31658 8.90237 7.70711 9.29289C8.09763 9.68342 8.09763 10.3166 7.70711 10.7071L4.70711 13.7071C4.31658 14.0976 3.68342 14.0976 3.29289 13.7071L0.292893 10.7071C-0.0976311 10.3166 -0.0976311 9.68342 0.292893 9.29289Z’ fill=’rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)’/%3E%3C/svg%3E”);–gf-icon-ctrl-select: url(“data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width=’10’ height=’6′ viewBox=’0 0 10 6′ fill=’none’ xmlns=’http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’%3E%3Cpath fill-rule=’evenodd’ clip-rule=’evenodd’ d=’M0.292893 0.292893C0.683417 -0.097631 1.31658 -0.097631 1.70711 0.292893L5 3.58579L8.29289 0.292893C8.68342 -0.0976311 9.31658 -0.0976311 9.70711 0.292893C10.0976 0.683417 10.0976 1.31658 9.70711 1.70711L5.70711 5.70711C5.31658 6.09763 4.68342 6.09763 4.29289 5.70711L0.292893 1.70711C-0.0976311 1.31658 -0.0976311 0.683418 0.292893 0.292893Z’ fill=’rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)’/%3E%3C/svg%3E”);–gf-icon-ctrl-search: url(“data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg version=’1.1′ xmlns=’http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’ width=’640′ height=’640’%3E%3Cpath d=’M256 128c-70.692 0-128 57.308-128 128 0 70.691 57.308 128 128 128 70.691 0 128-57.309 128-128 0-70.692-57.309-128-128-128zM64 256c0-106.039 85.961-192 192-192s192 85.961 192 192c0 41.466-13.146 79.863-35.498 111.248l154.125 154.125c12.496 12.496 12.496 32.758 0 45.254s-32.758 12.496-45.254 0L367.248 412.502C335.862 434.854 297.467 448 256 448c-106.039 0-192-85.962-192-192z’ fill=’rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)’/%3E%3C/svg%3E”);–gf-label-space-y-secondary: var(–gf-label-space-y-md-secondary);–gf-ctrl-border-color: #686e77;–gf-ctrl-size: var(–gf-ctrl-size-md);–gf-ctrl-label-color-primary: #112337;–gf-ctrl-label-color-secondary: #112337;–gf-ctrl-choice-size: var(–gf-ctrl-choice-size-md);–gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size: var(–gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size-md);–gf-ctrl-radio-check-size: var(–gf-ctrl-radio-check-size-md);–gf-ctrl-btn-font-size: var(–gf-ctrl-btn-font-size-md);–gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x: var(–gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x-md);–gf-ctrl-btn-size: var(–gf-ctrl-btn-size-md);–gf-ctrl-btn-border-color-secondary: #686e77;–gf-ctrl-file-btn-bg-color-hover: #EBEBEB;–gf-field-pg-steps-number-color: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.8);}

You are currently logged in, so we’ll automatically record your name and email address. Logout to use this form anonymously.
This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

document.getElementById( “ak_js_1” ).setAttribute( “value”, ( new Date() ).getTime() );

gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {gformInitSpinner( 22, ‘https://lebtown.com/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg’, true );jQuery(‘#gform_ajax_frame_22’).on(‘load’,function(){var contents = jQuery(this).contents().find(‘*’).html();var is_postback = contents.indexOf(‘GF_AJAX_POSTBACK’) >= 0;if(!is_postback){return;}var form_content = jQuery(this).contents().find(‘#gform_wrapper_22’);var is_confirmation = jQuery(this).contents().find(‘#gform_confirmation_wrapper_22’).length > 0;var is_redirect = contents.indexOf(‘gformRedirect(){‘) >= 0;var is_form = form_content.length > 0 && ! is_redirect && ! is_confirmation;var mt = parseInt(jQuery(‘html’).css(‘margin-top’), 10) + parseInt(jQuery(‘body’).css(‘margin-top’), 10) + 100;if(is_form){jQuery(‘#gform_wrapper_22’).html(form_content.html());if(form_content.hasClass(‘gform_validation_error’)){jQuery(‘#gform_wrapper_22’).addClass(‘gform_validation_error’);} else {jQuery(‘#gform_wrapper_22’).removeClass(‘gform_validation_error’);}setTimeout( function() { /* delay the scroll by 50 milliseconds to fix a bug in chrome */ jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery(‘#gform_wrapper_22’).offset().top – mt); }, 50 );if(window[‘gformInitDatepicker’]) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window[‘gformInitPriceFields’]) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery(‘#gform_source_page_number_22’).val();gformInitSpinner( 22, ‘https://lebtown.com/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg’, true );jQuery(document).trigger(‘gform_page_loaded’, [22, current_page]);window[‘gf_submitting_22’] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find(‘.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK’).html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}setTimeout(function(){jQuery(‘#gform_wrapper_22’).replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery(‘#gf_22’).offset().top – mt);jQuery(document).trigger(‘gform_confirmation_loaded’, [22]);window[‘gf_submitting_22’] = false;wp.a11y.speak(jQuery(‘#gform_confirmation_message_22’).text());}, 50);}else{jQuery(‘#gform_22’).append(contents);if(window[‘gformRedirect’]) {gformRedirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger(“gform_pre_post_render”, [{ formId: “22”, currentPage: “current_page”, abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( “gform_wrapper_22” ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( “span” ); visibilitySpan.id = “gform_visibility_test_22”; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( “afterend”, visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( “gform_visibility_test_22” ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; jQuery( document ).trigger( ‘gform_post_render’, [22, current_page] ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: ‘gform/postRender’, native: false, data: { formId: 22, currentPage: current_page } } ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === ‘attributes’ && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ ‘style’, ‘class’ ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } );} );
#gform_wrapper_23[data-form-index=”0″].gform-theme,[data-parent-form=”23_0″]{–gf-color-primary: #204ce5;–gf-color-primary-rgb: 32, 76, 229;–gf-color-primary-contrast: #fff;–gf-color-primary-contrast-rgb: 255, 255, 255;–gf-color-primary-darker: #001AB3;–gf-color-primary-lighter: #527EFF;–gf-color-secondary: #fff;–gf-color-secondary-rgb: 255, 255, 255;–gf-color-secondary-contrast: #112337;–gf-color-secondary-contrast-rgb: 17, 35, 55;–gf-color-secondary-darker: #F5F5F5;–gf-color-secondary-lighter: #FFFFFF;–gf-color-out-ctrl-light: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.1);–gf-color-out-ctrl-light-rgb: 17, 35, 55;–gf-color-out-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104, 110, 119, 0.35);–gf-color-out-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;–gf-color-out-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;–gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88, 94, 106;–gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;–gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65);–gf-color-in-ctrl: #fff;–gf-color-in-ctrl-rgb: 255, 255, 255;–gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast: #112337;–gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast-rgb: 17, 35, 55;–gf-color-in-ctrl-darker: #F5F5F5;–gf-color-in-ctrl-lighter: #FFFFFF;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary: #204ce5;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-rgb: 32, 76, 229;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast: #fff;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast-rgb: 255, 255, 255;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-darker: #001AB3;–gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-lighter: #527EFF;–gf-color-in-ctrl-light: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.1);–gf-color-in-ctrl-light-rgb: 17, 35, 55;–gf-color-in-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104, 110, 119, 0.35);–gf-color-in-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;–gf-color-in-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;–gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88, 94, 106;–gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;–gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65);–gf-radius: 3px;–gf-font-size-secondary: 14px;–gf-font-size-tertiary: 13px;–gf-icon-ctrl-number: url(“data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width=’8′ height=’14’ viewBox=’0 0 8 14′ fill=’none’ xmlns=’http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’%3E%3Cpath fill-rule=’evenodd’ clip-rule=’evenodd’ d=’M4 0C4.26522 5.96046e-08 4.51957 0.105357 4.70711 0.292893L7.70711 3.29289C8.09763 3.68342 8.09763 4.31658 7.70711 4.70711C7.31658 5.09763 6.68342 5.09763 6.29289 4.70711L4 2.41421L1.70711 4.70711C1.31658 5.09763 0.683417 5.09763 0.292893 4.70711C-0.0976311 4.31658 -0.097631 3.68342 0.292893 3.29289L3.29289 0.292893C3.48043 0.105357 3.73478 0 4 0ZM0.292893 9.29289C0.683417 8.90237 1.31658 8.90237 1.70711 9.29289L4 11.5858L6.29289 9.29289C6.68342 8.90237 7.31658 8.90237 7.70711 9.29289C8.09763 9.68342 8.09763 10.3166 7.70711 10.7071L4.70711 13.7071C4.31658 14.0976 3.68342 14.0976 3.29289 13.7071L0.292893 10.7071C-0.0976311 10.3166 -0.0976311 9.68342 0.292893 9.29289Z’ fill=’rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)’/%3E%3C/svg%3E”);–gf-icon-ctrl-select: url(“data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width=’10’ height=’6′ viewBox=’0 0 10 6′ fill=’none’ xmlns=’http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’%3E%3Cpath fill-rule=’evenodd’ clip-rule=’evenodd’ d=’M0.292893 0.292893C0.683417 -0.097631 1.31658 -0.097631 1.70711 0.292893L5 3.58579L8.29289 0.292893C8.68342 -0.0976311 9.31658 -0.0976311 9.70711 0.292893C10.0976 0.683417 10.0976 1.31658 9.70711 1.70711L5.70711 5.70711C5.31658 6.09763 4.68342 6.09763 4.29289 5.70711L0.292893 1.70711C-0.0976311 1.31658 -0.0976311 0.683418 0.292893 0.292893Z’ fill=’rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)’/%3E%3C/svg%3E”);–gf-icon-ctrl-search: url(“data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg version=’1.1′ xmlns=’http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’ width=’640′ height=’640’%3E%3Cpath d=’M256 128c-70.692 0-128 57.308-128 128 0 70.691 57.308 128 128 128 70.691 0 128-57.309 128-128 0-70.692-57.309-128-128-128zM64 256c0-106.039 85.961-192 192-192s192 85.961 192 192c0 41.466-13.146 79.863-35.498 111.248l154.125 154.125c12.496 12.496 12.496 32.758 0 45.254s-32.758 12.496-45.254 0L367.248 412.502C335.862 434.854 297.467 448 256 448c-106.039 0-192-85.962-192-192z’ fill=’rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)’/%3E%3C/svg%3E”);–gf-label-space-y-secondary: var(–gf-label-space-y-md-secondary);–gf-ctrl-border-color: #686e77;–gf-ctrl-size: var(–gf-ctrl-size-md);–gf-ctrl-label-color-primary: #112337;–gf-ctrl-label-color-secondary: #112337;–gf-ctrl-choice-size: var(–gf-ctrl-choice-size-md);–gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size: var(–gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size-md);–gf-ctrl-radio-check-size: var(–gf-ctrl-radio-check-size-md);–gf-ctrl-btn-font-size: var(–gf-ctrl-btn-font-size-md);–gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x: var(–gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x-md);–gf-ctrl-btn-size: var(–gf-ctrl-btn-size-md);–gf-ctrl-btn-border-color-secondary: #686e77;–gf-ctrl-file-btn-bg-color-hover: #EBEBEB;–gf-field-pg-steps-number-color: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.8);}
One-time Amount(Required)
Select how much you’d like to contribute
Price: $0.00
Price: $0.00

Your name

:root { –link-login-string: “Link login” }

document.getElementById( “ak_js_2” ).setAttribute( “value”, ( new Date() ).getTime() );

gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {gformInitSpinner( 23, ‘https://lebtown.com/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg’, true );jQuery(‘#gform_ajax_frame_23’).on(‘load’,function(){var contents = jQuery(this).contents().find(‘*’).html();var is_postback = contents.indexOf(‘GF_AJAX_POSTBACK’) >= 0;if(!is_postback){return;}var form_content = jQuery(this).contents().find(‘#gform_wrapper_23’);var is_confirmation = jQuery(this).contents().find(‘#gform_confirmation_wrapper_23’).length > 0;var is_redirect = contents.indexOf(‘gformRedirect(){‘) >= 0;var is_form = form_content.length > 0 && ! is_redirect && ! is_confirmation;var mt = parseInt(jQuery(‘html’).css(‘margin-top’), 10) + parseInt(jQuery(‘body’).css(‘margin-top’), 10) + 100;if(is_form){jQuery(‘#gform_wrapper_23’).html(form_content.html());if(form_content.hasClass(‘gform_validation_error’)){jQuery(‘#gform_wrapper_23’).addClass(‘gform_validation_error’);} else {jQuery(‘#gform_wrapper_23’).removeClass(‘gform_validation_error’);}setTimeout( function() { /* delay the scroll by 50 milliseconds to fix a bug in chrome */ jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery(‘#gform_wrapper_23’).offset().top – mt); }, 50 );if(window[‘gformInitDatepicker’]) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window[‘gformInitPriceFields’]) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery(‘#gform_source_page_number_23’).val();gformInitSpinner( 23, ‘https://lebtown.com/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg’, true );jQuery(document).trigger(‘gform_page_loaded’, [23, current_page]);window[‘gf_submitting_23’] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find(‘.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK’).html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}setTimeout(function(){jQuery(‘#gform_wrapper_23’).replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery(‘#gf_23’).offset().top – mt);jQuery(document).trigger(‘gform_confirmation_loaded’, [23]);window[‘gf_submitting_23’] = false;wp.a11y.speak(jQuery(‘#gform_confirmation_message_23’).text());}, 50);}else{jQuery(‘#gform_23’).append(contents);if(window[‘gformRedirect’]) {gformRedirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger(“gform_pre_post_render”, [{ formId: “23”, currentPage: “current_page”, abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( “gform_wrapper_23” ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( “span” ); visibilitySpan.id = “gform_visibility_test_23”; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( “afterend”, visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( “gform_visibility_test_23” ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; jQuery( document ).trigger( ‘gform_post_render’, [23, current_page] ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: ‘gform/postRender’, native: false, data: { formId: 23, currentPage: current_page } } ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === ‘attributes’ && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ ‘style’, ‘class’ ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } );} ); const turnstileIframe = document.getElementById( ‘gform_ajax_frame_23’ ); if ( turnstileIframe ) { turnstileIframe.addEventListener(‘load’,function(){ setTimeout( function() { const cfWrapper = document.querySelector( ‘.cf-turnstile’ ); if ( ! cfWrapper ) { return; } turnstile.render( ‘.cf-turnstile’ ); }, 0 ); }); }

Chris Coyle writes primarily on government, the courts, and business. He retired as an attorney at the end of 2018, after concentrating for nearly four decades on civil and criminal litigation and trials. A career highlight was successfully defending a retired Pennsylvania state trooper who was accused,...

Comments

LebTown membership required to comment.

Already a member? Login here

Leave a comment

Your email address will be kept private.